Shirred cellulosic sausage casing and method of manufacture



May 16, 1961 E. A. MATEcKl 2,984,574

SHIRRED cELLULosIo sAUsAGE cAsING AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE Filed 00t- 20, 1958 8 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR. EDWARD A. MATECKII BY y-fq f ATTORNEY May 16, 1961 E. A. MATECKI 2,984,574

SHIRRED cELLULosIC sAUsAGE CASING AND METHOD oF MANUFACTURE 8 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Oct. 20, 1958 /NVENTOR EDWARD .M TECK @y {l/nuff. TTORNY May 16, 1961 E. A. MATECKI 2,984,574

SHIRRED cELLuLosIc s SAGE cAsING AND METHOD oE MA FACTURE 8 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed '0012. 20, 1958 INVENTOR. EDWARD A. MATECKI May 15, 1951 E. A. MATEcKl 2,984,574

SHIRRED cELLULosIc sAUsAGE cAsING AND METHOD oF MANUFACTURE 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Oct. 20, 1958 INVENTOR. EDWARD A. MATECK BY 24%- A 7' TORNEV May 16 196i E. A. MAH-:CK: 2,984,574

SHIRRED cELLuLosIC sAUsAGE cAsING AND METHOD 0F MANUFACTURE 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed 001,. 20, 1958 INVENTOR.

A TTORNE Y May 16, 1961 E. A. MATEcKl 2,984,574

SHIRRED cELLuLosIc sAusAGE CASING .AND METHOD oF MANUFACTURE Filed Oct. 20, 1958 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 INVENTOR, E DWARD A. MATECK! BY g A TTORNEV May 16, 1961 E. A. MATECKI 2 984 74 SHIRRED CELLUL c sAUsAGE CASING AND 5 METHOD MANUFACTURE Flled Oct. 20, 1958 8 Sheets-Sheet '7 JFllGI-IT INCLINED HIGH COG LEFT INCLINED HIGH COG RIGHT INCLINED LEFT IN NED HIGH COG 45 LOW C RIGHT INCLINED .S ow coc I "'IHIII' LEFT. INCLINED LEFT INCLINED RIGHT INCLINED HIGH COG LOW COG LOW COG I5-LEFT INCLINED HIGH COG III Inn

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INVENTOR. EDWARD A. MA'IIECKI fg@ M A T TORNEI RIG N NED BY May 16, 1961 E. A. MATEcKl 2,984,574 SHIRRED cELLULosIc sAUsAGE cAsING AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE Flled Oct. 20, 1958 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 l nml l l I mommz L* Q Ozgtzt INVENTOR.

EDWARD A. MATECKI A 7' TORNE Y United States Patent O 2,984,514 sHIRRED cELLULosIc sAUsAGE cAslNG AND METHon or MANUFACTURE Edward A. M'tcli'i, Evergreen Park, Ill., assignor to Union Carbide Corporation, a corporation of New York Filed oef. zo, 195s, ser. No. 768,166 113 (c1. 9`9`176) This invention rltes to the art of shirring sausage casings and more particularly to sausage casings of regeneratedcellulose.

Cellulose (regenerated) casings are used extensively in the manufacture of skinless frankfurters and wieners. In practice, a cellulosic tube of an appropriate length, such as 32', 40', 55', r more is shirred and then compressed t produce (What is` commonly termed in the art) a stick of from about 6 to l0 in length, and such stick is positioned on a horn of a stufling apparatus and thereafter stuffed. The stuffed tube is then linked and processed asis Well known in the art to produce skinless frankfurters.

In the commercial` manufacture of frankfurters and other sausage products, the meat packer for reasons of economy and to speed up the stuffing operation, demands a shirred sausage casing in the form of a stick highly compressed in length, and with a large internal hole. Such form is desirable to permit easy and speedy placing of the casing onto a meat stuin-g horn, the large hole of the shirred casing permitting the use of larger diameter stu'ng horns and thus enabling more rapid filling of thecasing.

Sausage stuing horns are commonly made of thinwalled metal tubing, which are affixed and connected to pressurized containers of meat emulsion. Flow of the meat emulsion from the pressurized container to the stufling horn is controlled by a stop cock. Greater speed in the stutiing operation demands more rapid and uniform filling of each stick of casing successively applied to the stufling horn. While some improvement in throughput of meat emulsion throughstuing horns can be accomplished by increasing" the pressure on the meat emulsion, such measure is limited as excessive pressures may cause adverse changes in the basic structure of the meat emulsion.

A technical study was made of stufng variables such as horn length and diameter, meat emulsion viscosity, pressure, and casing characteristics on the `stuiiing throughput for commonly used sausage emulsions. A summary of the basic data experimentally determined was resolved into a formula for frankfurter emulsions stuing throughput which is:

Where Accordingly, the throughpntof meat emulsions" commonly used in stuling frankfurters maybe varied directly as approximately the fourthpower of the filling tube internal diameter; and-inversely as approximately 2,984,574 Patented May 16, 1961 2 the ysquare of the horn length and the cube of the viscosity. Thus a shirred casing with a larger hole size permits the use of a larger diameter stuiiing horn, thereby permitting greater meat throughput and shortening the time of the filling cycle. Such an improvement is of considerable commercial importance to meat packers.

An object of this invention is to provide shirred and compressed cellulosic sausage casings of maximum hole diameter for a specific length, for more rapid stuffing therein of sausage meat emulsion.

Another object of this invention is to provide shirred and compressed cellulosic sausage casing; of a shorter length for a specific hole diameter.

An additional object of this invention is to provide shirred and compressed cellulosic sausage casing where in the pleated or wrinkled casing wall is efficiently distributed circumaxially with respect to the internal hole.

A further object of this invention is to provide shirred and compressed cellulosic sausage casing characterized by uniform filling and` by smoothV deshirnng from the exit end of sausage stung horns.

Another object of this invention is to provide an improved method of collapsing cellulosic tubing in a helical pattern to yield a shirred `casing of maximum hole size from a tubing of a` given diameter. c

Still another `object of this invention is to provide a methodV of shirring cellulosic casing yielding more uniform displacement of the casing around the :mandrel upon whichthe casing is shirred.` t

A `further object of this' invention is to provide novel shirring apparatus for helically shirring cellulosic cas# mg. I

` Another object of this Ainvention, isr to provide shirring apparatus capable of rapidly shirring cellulosic casing with minimum damage thereto.

Another object of this ,s apparatus which is readily different diameters. s Y 4 Other and further objectswvill become apparent hereinafter.

According to this invention there is provided anelongate shirred and compressed stick ofregeneratedfcellulose tubing substantially `circular` in cross section having v an internal hole of predetermined size and a substantially cylindricalV exterior surface, said tubing having its Wall longitudinally collapsed into an` ordered repeated shirred pattern of at least three discrete, successive, longitudinal# ly collapsed sections ofcasing, the collapsed sections in said pattern being successively angularly disposed with respect to each other in overlapping helical relationship about the axis of the hole. Preferably the collapsed sections are successively equiangulaly displaced about the axis of the holeto obtain aY shirred stick having a maximum hole diameter for a specic length thereof. c

s The shirring of cellulosiccasing according to this invention is accomplished by inating cellulosic casing to a self-supporting tubular shape, continuously moving the inliated casing concentrically over a mandrel of smaller diameter than the inated casing to and through an eccentricallygyratingpassage of smaller cross-sectionalarea than the inated casing butlarger than the mandrel, said passage being formed by a plurality of identical, synchronously rotating" rolls" each having a peripheral surface of spaced saddle shaped cogs and with said rollsbeing elquidistaitly` spaced from the mandrel axis, the saddles ot the respective rollssequentiallyrnating together at said passage to crcumferentially` grip and indent successive discrete sections of the casing and orbitally displacing said casing sections" from its concentric relationship with the mandrel, and' Acontinuously* gatheringthe displaced adjustable' to' shirr casings of invention is to provide shirring.

ing the gyrating passage; the shirring operation is continued until a tube of predetermined length has been shirred. The shirred tube is then compressed forcing the pleats into close mutually supporting relation, thus forming a self-sustaining stick of casing.

The coaction of several rotating shirring rolls toform a gyrating passage is dependent upon a cogged peripheral surface thereon in the form of uniformly spaced individual saddle shaped projections of arcuate cross-section. The arcuate cross-section of each saddle is of such height and configuration to cause a supporting engagement and indentation of a portion of the casing periphery coming into contact therewith but without forcing the casing wall into contact with the mandrel surface. By simultaneously bringing together an'opposing suitably shaped cog of each shirring roll into abutting relationship there is thereby formed a passage for the casing. The passage depending upon the height and lateral displacement of each saddle with respect to the center line of its roll is formed essentially by a plurality of arcs of circles and should be eccentric with the mandrel. With suitable positioning of successive cogs of various heights and lateral displacement around each roll as will be hereafter shown there can be provided a sequential gyrating eccentric passage whereby the kmoving casing is progressively helically displaced with respect to the mandrel surface.

At least three identical cogged shirring rolls are employed in order to obtain a shirred casing of substantially circular cross section. Shirring apparatus having more than three shirring rolls further improves the roundness of the shirred casing and similarly yielding a larger hole or a shorter stick, or both.

The shirring action of the cogged surfaced rolls begins with the initial contact of the casing periphery by the leading edge of a saddle in each roll. As each of said cogs approaches a perpendicular position with respect to the mandrel axis, the section of casing immediately ahead of the cogs leading edges bulges outwardly from the mandrel land into recessed spaces betweenthe cogs. Depending on the eccentricity of the passage formed by directly opposing cogs with respect to the mandrel, the bulged section of the casing can be of oval, or like arcuate shape, and substantially a similar cross-sectionalrpattern is retained upon the collapsing of the section. In the contacting of the casing by the cogs and the formation of the bulge, creasing and wrinkling are initiated in the surface of the casing affected. With further rotation of the rolls, the bulge'of casing is progressively collapsed since the bulge is confined within the recessed spaces and is utimately collapsed and conned on the mandrel into a cone-like formation lagainst the already shirred casing by the shirring cogs, since there is a retarding force ,ap-

plied to the casing after passage through the rolls. In the collapsing of the bulges a matrix of small wrinkles or folds isl formed in the casing wall.

circumaxial displacement of the casing and hence a compressed shirred stick of greater hole size and shorter length,`since oval-shaped sections are consecutively placed in helically staggered overlapping relationship along the length of the casing by the action ofthe gyrating passage.

Lubrication of the shirring saddles of the rolls and the interior of the cellulosic casing with a suitable lubricant is essential to facilitate pleating of the casing and to avoid abrasion damage thereto.

Retarding of the forward movement of the shirred.

Fig. l is a side elevational view (diagrammatic) of at shirring apparatus, being one embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a shirring apparatus having three identical cogged shirring rolls as positioned in the shirring zone with the mandrel being shown in section at the central passage formed by opposing cogs of the rolls;

Fig. 3 is a side` elevational view partly in section, with one of the shirring rolls not shown in order to illustrate the cooperative action of the cogged shirring rolls in indenting, gripping, and folding the casing into a pleated or wrinkled structure as diagrammatically shown;

Fig. 4 is `a sectional view of a portion of the shirring rolls of Figs. 2. and 3 and showing the profile of a leftinclined cog;

Fig. 5 is a sectional view of another portion of the shirring rolls of Figs. 2 and 3 and showing the profile of a right-inclined cog;

Fig. 6 is a sectional view of still another 'portion of the shirring rolls of Figs. 2 and 3 and showing the profile of a medial cog;

Fig. 7 is a sectional view taken generally along line D--D of Fig. 1, showing three opposing shirring cogs forming a central passage eccentrically disposed with respect to the shirring mandrel;

Fig. 8 is a sectional view similar to Fig. 7 showing a second set of three shirring cogs also forming a central passage eccentrically disposed in another position;

The oval-shaped configuration provides for maximum.

Fig. 9 is a sectional view similar to Fig. 7, showing a third set of shirring cogs forming a central passage of still different eccentricity to the mandrel;

Fig. 10 is a slightly enlarged section taken generally along line D-D of Fig. l showing three superimposed casing sections as successively eccentrically displaced from the mandrel by successive groups of opposing cogs;

Fig. ll is a slightly enlarged perspective view substantially representing a shirred and compressed casing produced by the shirring rolls shown in Figs. 2 to 9, part of which has been deshirred to illustrate the helical positioning along the casing of the displaced casing sections shown in Fig. 10; y

Fig. 12 is a photographic representation of the lower half of the deshirred portion of the shirred casing shown in Fig. 11;

Fig. 13 is an enlarged elevational view of a synchronized driving mechanism for the shirring roll apparatus of Figs. 1 to 9;

Fig. 14 is a side elevational view of the roll driving mechanism shown in Fig. 13;

Fig. 14A is an end elevational view of an adjustable arrows Ff--E of Fig. 14;

Fig. 15 is a side elevational view of a cogged shirring roll employed in an embodiment of a four-roll shirring apparatus; i

Fig. 16 is a partial sectional view of the roll shown in Fig. 15 and showing the profile of a right inclined high cog;

Fig. 17 is similar to Fig. 16 but shows the profile of a left inclined high cog;

Fig. 18 is also similar to Fig. 16 but shows the prole of a left inclined low cog;

Fig. 19 is also similar to Fig. 16 but shows the profile of a right inclined low cog;

Fig. 20 is a sectional view taken generally along line D--D of Fig. l of a shirring apparatus embodiment having four opposed shirring rolls to form a central passage through which the shirring mandrel extends; and

Fig. 2l is an elevational view of a plug gauge for checking the radial alignment of the shirring rolls with respect to the mandrel. Y

Referring now to the drawing wherein several embodiments of the invention are shown and like reference` reference numeral v designates fa `pwverdriven shirring machine wherein a lsupply of i'attened tubing such .as cellulosic tubing `18 in `intermittently withdrawn from a supply reel 14 in measured lengths, such as 40', 44', 55', by a pair of horizontally mounted metering rolls 16 and is guided into a zone of shirring S by vertically mounted guide rolls 17. The lattened tubing 18 is advanced through metering rolls 16, expanded to inflated tubing 20 as by gaseous means and guided onto and by a hollow mandrel 12 to a zone of shirring S. The mandrel supplies the gaseous means through an internal hole 40 shown in Fig. 2 and Vis releasably held in position by clamps C and C.

The gaseous means which, for example, may be air under a pressure of about six pounds per square inch gauge is supplied from any convenient source to the bore of mandrel 12, as by an internal passage through clamp C communicating with the bore of the mandrel through a radial opening in the mandrel wall. Metered quantities of oil are supplied to the air stream from an oil reservoir 21 whereby the oil is carried by the air through the bore `40 and is discharged at the end of the mandrel adjacent guide rolls 17 to lubricate the exterior surface of the mandrel Vand the interior surface of the casing 20.

As shown in Fig. l, the basilar surfaces of the cogs are lubricated by brushes 23 to which a suitable lubricant is Ifed from an oil supply reservoir.

The desired length of inliated casing is loosely shirred lin shirring zone S against a cooperatively yielding holdback member 30 and the shirred casing 22 then is cut oi from a subsequent length of shirred casing at a point adjacent to vertical member 97, the cut length is moved through opened clamp C and compressed to lengths such as 7" to 12" by compressing member 28, resulting in a compressed, shirred casing 24. The shirred compressed stick of casing 24 is doifed from the mandrel 12 through opened clamp C for packaging.

Refem'ng now to Fig. 2, the shirring means in a preferred embodiment is comprised of three identical keyed cogged shirring rolls 26A, 26B, 26C rotatably mounted and disposed equiangularly (120) around the shirring mandrel 12 and spaced equidistantly from the axis of mandrel 12 to from passage 80 around the mandrel 12. Each of the rolls 26A, 26B, 26C are independently adjustable (as shown in greater detail in Figs. 13 and 14) relative to each other and to the passage 80 provided therebetween through which the mandrel 12 extends and the tubular casing `to be shirred passes.

Each of rolls 26A, 26B, 26C consists of a metallic core 120 provided with a covering 122 of a suitable oilresistant material such as rubber, plastic, and the like.

One suitable form of roll material is a synthetic rubber composition of 7585 Durometer hardness and with a surface finish of about 8 to 12 micro-inch (A.S.A. Standard B. 461-1947).

With continued reference to Fig. 2 it will be observed that the covering 122 has been machined or otherwise shaped into a plurality of saddle shaped cogs 32 with spaces 34 therebetween, extending inwardly to root periphery 41. Each of the cogs 32 has an arcuate basilar surface 36 located between beveled edges 37 which are of such angularity, for example 60, to provide an operating clearance "82 such as from 0.002 to 0.015" between adjacentrolls. The radius of concavity of arcuate basilar surface 36 is at least equal to half the greatest cross-sectional dimension of the passage 80. The peripheral casing-contacting basilar surfaces 36 are `formed in three` shapes, and `successively positioned as a plurality of recurring triads of cogs.

In Fig. 3 A.wherein one "of the shirring rolls 26C is not shown inbrder to 'illustrate more `clearly the shirring action of the three rolls, it will be seen that the leading edges l42 rof opposing cogs 44 and 46 of rolls 26B and 26A, respectively, initially -circumferentially indent the iniiated casingiZl),.causing the casing 20 to be ballooned outwardly'to `form a slightly wrinkled or creased bulge 48. It will be observed that in the space 34 between cogs `5,8 and 59 `of roll 26B and the space 34 between cogs 60 and 61 of roll .'26Aa bulge 68 similarly previously formed in the casing has been carried forward past the center line of the rolls 26B and 26A, and cog 59 of roll 26B and cog 61 of roll 26A are collapsing and further wrinkling and creasing a bulge y74 against already co1- lapsed casing. It is to be understood that roll 26C not liown in Fig. 3 similarly coacts with the inated casing Fig. 4 illustrates a left-inclined cog surface 56L made by locating the center of arcuate surface 36 to the left of the mandrel 12 vertical centerline.

Fig. 5 illustrates a right-inclined cog surface SGR made by locating the center of arcuate surface 36 to the right of the mandrel 12 vertical centerline.

Fig. 6 illustrates a medial cog surface 56M made by locating the center of arcuate surface 36 on the mandrel 12 vertical centerline.

Referring again to Fig. 2, each of rolls 26A, 26B, and 26C consists of a repeating plurality of triads of concave cog `surfaces 56R, SGL, and 56M, each cog being saddle shaped. Each of the cogs has a leading edge surface 42 rand trailing edge surface 43, and intermediate the respective leading and trailing edge surfaces, a basilar surface 36.

Referring to Fig. 7, the shirring rolls 26A, 26B, 26C are positioned to form the eccentric passage of a size less than the diameter of the inated tube 20 (not shown) passing therethrough, whereby each cog will indent the tube without causing it to contact the mandrel 12 and feed the tube forward. The first position of the rolls at the start of a triad shirring cycle shows roll 26A positioned with its cog 56M, roll 26B positioned with its cog 56L, and roll 26C positioned with its cog SGR, all of said cogs being directly opposed and mating over mandrel 12 to form passage 80 and with working clearances 82 intermediate their beveled edges, thereby orbitally displacing iniiated casing 20 (not shown) downwardly toward the mandrel 12 and roll 26A.

Fig. 8, representing the rolls at the second part of the triad shirring cycle, shows roll 26A positioned with -cog 56R, roll 26B positioned with cog 56M, roll 26C positioned with cog 56L mating to form passage 80 and with spaces 82 intermediate their beveled edges, thereby orbitally displacing the casing 20 (not shown) inwardly toward the mandrel 12 and roll 26B.

Fig. 9, representing the rolls at the third part of the shirring cycle, shows roll 26A positioned with cog 56L, roll 26B positioned with cog 56R, roll 26C positioned with cog 56M mating to form passage 80 and with space 82 intermediate their beveled edges, thereby orbitally displacing casing 20 (not shown) inwardly toward the mandrel 12 and roll 26C.

Thus, as the three rolls 26A, 26B, and 26C are rotated by appropriate ydriving means, the eccentric passage 80 is repeatedly gyrated about the center of mandrel 12, successively through conigurations of Figs. 7, 8, and 9 and thereby similarly successively displacing discrete sections of inated casing 20 from a concentric position with respect to the mandrel 12.

Referring now to Fig. l0 which is drawn as an enlarged section along line D-D of Fig. l, the several `shaded sections together forming a trefoil pattern depict the perimeters of and the overlapping of successive ovate sections A, B, C, in the casing as respectively unparted thereto in moving through the gyrating passage 80 `of Figs. 7, 8, and 9. The trefoil distribution of discrete casing sections producing a stick having a substantially cylindrical outer surface is a highly desirable rimprovement, because the `ovate sections arecircumaxially distributedover a substantially greater area such as 12 percent greater than prior structures and thereby disposmg a lesser number of tubing Vwall sections axially adjacent each other. Thus, with the new method, an equal length of tubing of given wall thickness may be shirred and compressedto a shorter length or larger hole, or both.

Flg. 1l is an enlarged diagrammatic perspective of caslng shirred and compressed on the apparatus shown 1n Figs. 1-9 and then deshirred in p lace on mandrel 12. It will be noted that the substantially helical arrangement of dlscrete casing sections made by advancing the tubing to and through the gyrating passage 80, essentially comprises a series of helically positioned ovate sections A, B, C together with a portion of the casing wall mater1al on each side thereof, said ovate sections corresponding to those shown` in Fig. 10. The folds of the shirred andcollapsed casing 24 overlie each other due to the wiping action of the cogs in collapsing the casing wall against already collapsed casing, the overlying being shown by the conical formations 25.

Fig. 12 is a photographic representation of the lower half of the deshirred portion of the shirred casing shown in Fig. l1. It will be observed that there are four transverse diagonal ridge-like portions 83 which are indicative of the substantially helical shirred pattern consisting of collapsed overlapping ovate sections of casing. Centrally of these ridge-like portions are V-shaped intersecting wrinkles or creases 84, the apexes 86 of which correspond in position to the midpoints of the base or bulbous portions of ovate sections A shown in Fig. 11 and thus correspond in position to the sections of casing wall material collapsed by successive medial cogs in roll 26A.

Apexes formed by the medial cogs of rolls 26B and 26C are not shown in Fig. 12 but are present in the shirred casing wall spaced approximately 120 around the casing from the apexes shown and correspond in position to the base or bulbous portions of ovate sections or displacements B and C as shown in Fig. 1l.

One actual form of apparatus according to the invention was constructed and operated by means of a threeroll apparatus as illustrated in Figs. 1-9 and l3-14A, to shirr casing of 26/32" inflated diameter at the rate of 420 ft. per minute of casing length, said casing being inilated with' air at a pressure of six to seven pounds per square inch gauge and being lubricated with a suitable oil. Suitable lubricants include water-white U.S. Pharmacopoeia white mineral oil of Saybolt viscosity from 76 to 80 cotton seed oil, soya oil, and glycerine. Lubricant in minimal amount to keep the mandrel and saddle surfaces coated was ordinarily from about 0.0002 gram to 0.0013 gram per 6-inch length (frankfurter length) of casing being shirred.

In repeated operations 55 ft. lengths of casing stock were shirred on a mandrel of 0.62 inch diameter slightly reduced in diameter following the shirring zone to facilitate the movement of casing therealong, to a compressed length of about 8% inches, the movement of the shirred casing along the mandrel being retarded by a holdback mechanism 30 to a rate of one inch for each two feet of unshirred casing.

The specications of the rolls 26A, B, C, in such constructed apparatus being as follows:

Total number of cogs on each oll 24.

About 1;@ inch.

About inch.

0.47 inch.

Lies on roll vertical center line and 2.21 inches from roll axis.

Thickness of each cog Space between each co Radius of all basilar surfaces 86 Center of radius of medial cog basilar surface (Fig. 6)

Center of radius of right inclined cog basilar surface Fig, Lies on a vertical line 0.070 inch displaced to the right of roll vertical center line and 2.33 inches from roll axis.

Centenof radius of left inclinedy (Fig- 4) cog bastlar surface Same `as right inclined cog but displaced to the left of roll vertical center line.

Mating Cog of Roll 26A Cog of Roll 26B Cog of Roll 26C Position Medial Left inclinedg.-- Right inclined. Right inclined-- Medial Left inclined.V Left inclned- Right inclined-- Medial. Medial .Leit inolined- Right inclined. l

Y Right inclined-- Medial Left inclined.V

Left inclned Right inclined-- Medial. Medial Left lnclined Right inclined. Right inclined-- Medial Leit inclined. Left inclined Right inclined-- Medial. Medial Left inclined Right inclined. Right inclined-- Medial Left inclined. Leit inclined Right inclined-- Medial. Medial Left inclined Right inclined. Right inclined Medial Left inclined. Left inclined Right inclined-- Medial. Medial Left inclined Right inclined. Right inclined- Medial Left inclined. Left inc1ined Right inclined- Medial. Medial Left inclined Right inclined` Right inclined- Medial Left inclined. Left inclined Right inclined-- Medial. Medi Leit inclined Right inclined.

Right inclined- Medial Left inclined.

Left inclined Right inclined-- Medial.

lIn the above described embodiment, the 24 cogs of each roll constitute eight repeating triad cog patterns. It is to' be understood, however, that the total number of triad cog patterns on a shirring roll periphery can be less or more than 24. For example, a sinn'lar'set of sbirring rolls 26A, 26B, 26C of substantially the same diameter but containing each only six triad'cog patterns` in their periphery (18 cogs in all consisting of six medial cogs, six left inclined cogs, and six right inclined cogs) and with the spaces between the cogs being proportionately wider produced compressed shirred sticks averaging 8 inches in length, from 55 ft. lengths of 2t/32" inated diameter tubular cellulosic casing stock'l The wider spacing o'f the cogs in this embodiment effecting greater circumaxial displacement of the casing and thus producing a shorter Acompressed shirred stick than the previously described embodiment employing 24 cogs in each ro'lls periphery.

Means for radial ladjustment and cog alignment of the three-roll shirring apparatus of Figs. 2 to 9 are shown in greater detail by Figs. 13, 14 and 14A. As there shown, the rolls 26A, 26B, and 26C, basilar surface lubricating brushes 23 connected to oil supply line 2.9 and means for synchronously rotating each roll are mounted on a vertical plate member secured to a base member 92. An opening concentric with the mandrel 12 Ais provided in plate 90. A vertical bracket member `97 is fastened to the base 92 and forms a right angle with respect to plate member 90. An eccentric bushing is suitably secured to bracket 97. A rotatable shaft :112 extends through and is supported by an anti-friction ball bearing assembly 99 which is press-fitted into the eccentric bushing 110. Rotation of bushing 110 eccentrically lowers or raises shaft 112. Near the outer end of shaft 112 s fastened a sprocket gear 114 by means of a set screw 1'15. A hand wheel 116 is fastened by a set screw on the shaft 112 adjacent to sprocket gear 114 and is employed for manual rotation of the several parts when threading the casing into and when adjusting the apparatus. y v

Sprocket gear `1.1'4 is driven by a` sprocket chain (ndt shown) connected to an electric motor or other suitable driving means (not shown).

Fastened to the inner end of shaft 112 by means of a set screw is a spur gear 121 which is meshed with a spur gear 134 fastened by means of set screw 135 to u9 the outer end of a drive shaft -137,extendingfrom a right angle enclosed miter gear box 140 hereinafter `referred to as the --master drive gear box. Shirring roll 26A is keyed to the end of drive shaft 137 extending from the other side of gear box "140 and accordingly rotates at the same speed as spur gear i134.

Right angle master miter gear box 140 and similar slave driven miter gear boxes :142 and 144 are equiangularly spaced about the opening 95 in vertical plate 90 and are secured to the face of plate 90 by cap screws 1149 extending through slotted openings in the base of each gear box. pon cap screws 149 being loosened, each :gear box `can be shifted back and forth on keyway 148 formed in plate 90 in a direction perpendicular t0 the driveshafts 1317, =151, 153 respectively of each gear box 140, 142, 144. Adjustment screws `155 threadably engaged with internally threaded bosses 1517 which are integral with vertical plate 90, bear on each end of the gear boxes .140, 142, and 144 to accurately position said gear boxes. Lock nuts 159 on each adjustment screw are employed to lock said gear boxes in adjusted position.

A rotating shaft 161 extends from the base of master drive gear box '140 through an opening in vertical plate member 90 and it rotates at the same speed as driving shaft 137 upon which roll 26A is fastened. A cogged pulley 162 is secured by a set screw (not shown) to the end of shaft 161 projecting through plate member 90.

Slave gear boxes 142 and 144 respectively have rotating shafts 164 and 166 extending through openings in vertical plate 90 and have cogged pulleys l'168 and 170 secured thereto. `Pulleys 168 and 170 are identical to cogged pulley 162 of master gear box 140 whereby its cogged pulley 162 by means of cogged llexible belt 174 drives all pulleys at the same rotational speed. A nonslipping contact of cogged belt 174 with the surfaces of all the pulleys is maintained by idler pulley 176 rotating on a shaft 178 extending through a slotted opening 179 in vertical plate member 90 and locked in position by nut 180.

As further shown in Fig. 14A, each of said cogged pulleys 162, 168, and 170` are mounted on a flanged hub 165 by means of bolts 167 extending through slotted openings 169 in the pulleys and threaded into the flanges of hubs 165 whereby the pulleys can be rotated through a limited arc with respect to the keyed mounted position of hub '165 for `purposes of alignment adjustment of rolls 26A, B, C. The `hubs 165 are keyed to their respective shafts and further secured thereto by set screws 163.

`Slavegear boxes 142 and 144 `each have respectively a rotating output shaft 1, 153 to which is keyed or other- Wise securely fastened shirring rolls 26C and 26B respectively. It is tobe understood `that each of said rolls 26A, 26B, and `26C all rotate at `the same speed.

`,Precise peripheral alignment of shirring rolls 26A, 26B, and 26C with respect to mandrel .12 is obtained by employing a plug gauge as shown in Fig. 2l. The plug gauge comprises `a cylindrical projection 184 having a diameter twice the distance between basilar surface 36 and the centerline of mandrel 12. The cylindrical projection `184 tapers outwardly in extension to a cylindrical plate surface 186 having a diameter equivalent to machine fit `,v5/ith the opening 95 in vertical `plate `member 90.

` `A shoulder 188 on the gauge plugis provided with openings for temporarily holding the gauge against the rear side of plate member 90 by means of bolts 189. The gauge is provided with a handle 190 for convenience in use.

In initially setting up and aligning the shirring rolls of the apparatus, all the shirring rolls 26A, 26B, and 26C are removed from their respective shafts 137, 153, and 151, and a plain surface gauge wheel 192 having a diameter slightly less than (such as 0.020" less) twice the radial distance from the centerline 194 of roll 26 to basilar surface 36. By measuring the space .193 between projection 184 and gauge wheel 192 as with a leaf gauge,

accurate location of roll centerline 194 is readily obtained. After each of the gear boxes 140, 142, and 144 has thereby been properly `positioned with the aid of adjustment screws 1155, the gear boxes `are securely fastened into position by tightening cap'screws 149. After the adjustment has been made, the plain surfaced gauge wheel i192 is removed, and shirring rolls 26A, 26B, and 26C are keyed in place.

Mating of the cogs is produced by adjustment of the slotted drive pulleys as illustrated in Figs. `14 and .14A.

As was previously stated, a four-roll shirring apparatus constitutes another embodiment of this invention. A shirring roll suitable for such apparatus is shown in Fig. 15, and it has a repeating tetrad sequence of different saddle shaped cogs around its periphery, consisting of a right inclined high cog whose prole is shown in Fig. 16, followed by a left inclined high cog whose prole is shown in Fig. 17, followed in turn by a cog whose profile is shown in Fig. 18, right inclined low cog whose profile Fig. 19.

Four identical shirring rolls as illustrated in Fig. 15 and mounted as shown in Fig. 20 produced shirred casing having a helical pattern similar to that illustrated in Fig. 12. In the instance of shirring regenerated cellulose tubing of 2G/32 inated diameter, four rolls identical to Fig. 15 were employed, each having a diameter of 4 inches and each containing six repetitive tetrad sequences of the cogs whose profiles are illustrated in Figs. 16 to `19.

Fig. 20 depicts one of the four -orbitally displaced passages formed by the abutting cogs of the four rolls. The other three passages are sequentially formed as the rolls are synchronously rotated whereby a gyrating passage is formed `and the casing helically folded similarly to that illustrated in Pig. ll for the three-roll embodiment, but differing therefrom in that the helix is produced by four superimposed ovoid-shaped sections instead of the three sections in Fig. l1.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto since many modications maybe made, and it is, therefore, contemplated by the appended claims to cover any such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

The invention having thus been described, what is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:

1. A tubular cellulosic sausage casing shirred and compressed into a tubular stick having a hole of predetermined size and a substantially cylindrical outer surface, said stick having an ordered repeated shirred pattern Vof at least three discrete, successive, longitudinally collapsed sections of casing each having an ovate cross section, the collapsed ovate sections in said pattern being successively angularly disposed with respect to each other in overlapping helical relationship about the axis of the hole.

2. A tubular cellulosic sausage casing shirred and compressed `into a tubular stick having a hole of predetermined -size and a substantially cylindrical outer surface, said stick having an ordered repeated shirred pattern of at least three discrete, successive, longitudinally collapsed sections `of casing eachhaving an ovate cross section, the collapsed ovate sections in said pattern being successively equiangularly disposed with respect to each other in overlapping helical relationship about the axis of the hole.

3. A tubular cellulosic sausage casing shirred and compressed into a tubular stick having a hole of predetermined size and a substantially cylindrical outer surface, said stick having an ordered repeated shirred pattern of at least three discrete, successive, longitudinally collapsed sections of casing, each section having an ovate cross section with the base thereof being adjacent to the outer cylindrical surface, the collapsed sections in said pattern being successively angularly disposed with respect to each and it in turn by is as shown in left inclined low other in overlapping helical relationship about the axis ofthe hole. Y Y- v 4. A tubular cellulosic sausage casing shirred and compressed into a tubular stick having a hole of predetermined size and a substantially cylindrical outer surface, said stick having an ordered repeated shirred trefoilv pattern of three discrete, successive, longitudinally collapsed sections of casing, each section having an ovate cross section witth the base thereof being adjacent to the outer cylindrical surface, the collapsed sections in said pattern being successively equiangularly disposed with respect to each other in overlapping helical relationship about the axis of. the hole, the collapsed sections constituting a wrinkled and creased matrix. v

5. A tubular cellulosic sausage casing shirred and compressed into a tubular stick having a hole of predetermined size and a substantially cylindrical outer surface, said stick having an ordered repeated shirred tetrad pattern of four discrete, successive, longitudinally collapsed sections of casing, each section having an ovate cross section with the base thereof being adjacent to the outer cylindrical surface, the collapsed sections in said pattern being successively equiangularly disposed with respect to each other in overlapping helical relationship about the axis of the hole, the collapsed sections constituting a wrinkled and creased matrix.

6. A tubular cellulosic sausage casing shirred and compressed into a tubular stick having a hole of predetermined size and a substantially cylindrical outer surface, said stick having an ordered repeated shirred pattern of at least three discrete, successive, longitudinally collapsed sections of casing, each section having an ovate cross section with the base thereof being adjacent to the outer cylindrical surface, the collapsed sections in said pattern being successively angularly disposed with respect to each other in conically overlapping helical relationship about the axis of the hole.

7. Method of shirring cellulosic sausage casing which comprises continuously moving a gaseous inated cellulosic tubular casing concentrically over a mandrel, successively orbitally displacing discrete successive sections of said casing from its concentric relationship with the mandrel and gathering the successive sections into a uniformly pleated tube by retarding the movement of the casing subjected to orbital displacement.

8. Method of shirring cellulosic sausage casing which comprises inllating the casing, continuously moving the inflated casing concentrically over a mandrel to and through a gyrating passage of smaller dimensions than the inliated casing, successively gripping and orbitally displacing in said passage discrete lubricated sections of the casing from its concentric relationship with the mandrel, and gathering the orbitally displaced casing sections into a uniformly pleated tube by retarding the movement of the casing leaving the gyrating passage.

9. Method of shirring cellulosic sausage casing which comprises inating the casing, continuously moving the inllated casing concentrically over a mandrel to and through a gyrating passage of smaller dimensions than the inilated casing, successively gripping and orbitally displacing in said passage discrete lubricated ovate sections of the casing from its concentric relationship with the mandrel, gathering the orbitally displaced casing I 12 sections into a uniformly pleated tube by retarding the movement of the casing leaving the gyrating passage, and compressing said pleats to form a shirred stick of casing.

10. Method of shirring cellulosic sausage casing which comprises continuously moving a gaseous inated cellulosic tubular casing concentrically over a mandrel to and through a gyrating passage of smaller dimensions than the inflated casing, successively displacing in said passage discrete ovate sections of lubricated casing from its concentric relationship with the mandrel, said sections being helically displaced along the casing, gathering the displaced casing sections into a pleated tube by retarding the movement of the casing leaving the passage, and

compressing said displaced sections to form a shirredy stick of casing.

ll. Method of shirring cellulosic sausage casing Which comprises continuously moving a gaseous inated tubuV lar cellulosic casing concentrically over a mandrel to and through a gyrating circular passage of smaller diameter than the inated casing and of larger diameter than the mandrel, helically collapsing said casing by orbitally displacing in said passage in a repeating trefoil pattern discrete successive ovate sections of lubricated casing from its concentric relationship with the mandrel, and gathering the orbitally displaced casing sections into a uniformly pleated tube by retarding the movement of the casing leaving the passage.

12. Method of shirring cellulosic sausage casing which comprises continuously moving a gaseous inflated tubular cellulosic casing concentrically over a mandrel to and through a gyrating passage of smaller dimensions than the inllated casing and of larger diameter than the mandrel, helically collapsing the casing by orbitally displacing the casing in said passage in a repeating tetrad pattern of discrete successive lburicated sections of casing helically staggered along the length of the casing, and gathering the orbitally displaced casing sections into a uniformly pleated tube by retarding the movement of the casing leaving the passage.

13. Method of shirring cellulosic sausage casing which comprises inating cellulosic casing to a self-supporting i tubular shape, interiorly and eXteriorly lubricating the inated casing surfaces, continuously moving the lubricated casing concentrically over a mandrel of smaller diameter than the inflated casing, circumferentially gripping and indenting successive discrete sections of the moving casing, orbitally displacing each gripped longitudinal casing section from its concentric relationship with the mandrel, collapsing each orbitally displaced section, angularly disposing the collapsed sections in overlapping helical relationship to each other, continuously gathering the displaced sections into a pleated, shirred tube, and then forming a self-sustaining, shirred stick of casing by compressing the pleats into mutual supporting relationship.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,001,461 Hewitt May 14, 1935 2,583,654 Korsgaard Ian. 29, 1952 2,722,715 Blizzard et al. Nov. 8, 1955 2,723,201 Blizzard et a1. Nov. 8, 1955 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORECTION Patent No., 2,984,574 May 16.911961 Edward A Mateck It s hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered patm ent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read ae corrected below.

Column-B, line 50', for "utima-telg*1 readh-n ultimately lcolumn 4, line 43 strike oufi;v "photographic"g columrrv line column 9, line 74; after "36," insert" is installed m; column' l2', line 36, for `"llouyfficanned-"L1i read f-.nr-iflubriated M.,

Signed and sealed this 6th-dayof November i962.,

(SEAL) Attest:

` ERNEST w. 'SWIDER DAVID L- MDD 1 Attesting officer Commissioner of Patents 

1. A TUBULAR CELLULOSIC SAUSAGE CASING SHIRRED AND COMPRESSED INTO A TUBULAR STICK HAVING A HOLE OF PREDETERMINED SIZE AND A SUBSTANTIALLY CYLINDRICAL OUTER SURFACE, SAID STICK HAVING AN ORDERED REPEATED SHIRRED PATTERN OF AT LEAST THREE DISCRETE, SUCCESSIVE, LONGITUDINALLY COLLAPSED SECTIONS OF CASING EACH HAVING AN OVATE CROSS 